Henever talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy ofthe more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”,and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.
NowI am older. I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, eventhough I still don’t know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know thetimes I don’t have one myself.
曹老师好，请教老师，句中bywhich能否拿掉，直接让不定式tojudge people 作standard的后置定语？谢谢老师。
不能省略by which，但可以省略which，同时把介词by置于不定式末尾。即a proper standard by which to judge people（正式书面语体）=a proper standard to judge people by。
二者分别对应的是二个定语从句 a proper standard by which we are to judge people （介词+which置于定语从句之首为正式语体）; a proper standard we are to judge people by（省略作介词宾语的关系代词that为非正式语体） 。
